Examples of passive-aggressive behavior include lateness, avoidance, and silence. Passive-aggressive behavior can damage relationships and make communication difficult. It is a concealed form of aggression, which can make it difficult to confront.
Passive aggression is a type of indirect aggression. It allows a person to express anger and related emotions without directly communicating these feelings. People expressing passive aggression often retain the ability to deny that they intended their behavior aggressively.
Passive aggression is a common coping mechanism that many people use from time to time, especially when they want to avoid direct conflict. However, high levels of passive aggression also correlate with certain mental health diagnoses, including borderline personality disorder, self-harm, anorexia nervosa, and adjustment disorder.
People who engage in passive aggression may feel just as aggressive or hostile as those who adopt more overt forms of aggression.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) no longer lists passive-aggressive personality disorder as a distinct and separate diagnosis. However, many researchers and clinicians still use the term.
What is passive-aggressive behavior?
Passive aggression is a type of concealed aggression. It attempts to communicate anger and other forms of distress but without openly acknowledging these emotions.
It often involves inaction rather than action. For example, a person engaged in overt aggression might attend a family gathering and be rude or hostile, while a person engaged in passive aggression might avoid the family gathering altogether or attend and give people the “silent treatment.”
Passive aggression is often vindictive. A person may adopt this communication style in revenge for a perceived slight.
People who need help with their passive-aggressive behavior may find support in psychotherapy.
Examples:
Some examples of passive-aggressive behavior include:
- Lateness. Frequent lateness can be a way of showing disrespect. It may also be a way to avoid uncomfortable situations or make a person feel less important. In this regard, it can be a tool of passive aggression.
- Avoidance. People use many different avoidance strategies to display their aggression without being overt about it.
- Weaponized kindness. Sometimes people use ostensibly kind or helpful acts to display their emotions. For example, a person who is angry that a family member forgot their birthday might then, in turn, “go the extra mile” to celebrate that person’s birthday, then make comments about how they could never ignore such an important event.
- Sarcasm. Sarcasm is when a person says something they do not mean. This can be passive-aggressive when a person wields sarcasm as a tool for punishing others.
- Silence. The silent treatment allows a person to punish someone else without actively doing anything. They might completely ignore calls or emails, refuse to talk only about certain subjects, or selectively withdraw from time to time.
- Subtle digs. Subtle digs or negative comments are a common form of passive aggression. For example, a person might comment on a topic they know makes another person uncomfortable, such as their dating life or weight. They might also use their knowledge about a person’s history to subtly hurt them.
- Weaponized incompetence. Weaponized incompetence is when a person pretends to be incompetent as a way of either avoiding an unpleasant task or punishing another person.
Risks and dangers
Passive aggression is still aggression. A 2018 study of nurses found that people who adopt this style of aggression may feel as much aggression as those engaged in other forms of aggression. Researchers also found similar effects to other forms of aggression, such as emotional stress.
Some of the risks of passive aggression include:
Suspicion and distrust
Stress
Relationship problems
Poor communication
More aggression
Poor mental health
How to recognize passive-aggressive behavior
Recognizing passive aggression can sometimes be challenging. A hallmark of this behavior is that a person feels aggressive or upset but attempts to conceal those emotions.
Some factors to be aware of include:
A person may have a reason to feel upset or angry but does not overtly express it.
The interaction may leave a person feeling uneasy.
Communication deteriorates, but it is difficult to pinpoint the precise problem.
A person’s behavior appears aggressive, but they either deny aggressive intent or only engage in aggressive behaviors that they could deny as aggressive.
A person engaged in passive aggression may express their emotions with behaviors rather than words. For example, they may be chronically late or ignore telephone calls.
How to deal with it
One of the challenges of passive-aggressive behavior is that it is a deliberate attempt to conceal a person’s aggressive feelings. People who behave passive-aggressively do not want others to notice or respond to their aggression, but they still want to communicate their emotions. There is no single method that works for all types of passive-aggressive behavior. Some options to consider include:
Responding to the emotions: Rather than discussing aggression, it may help to respond to a person’s emotions since passive aggression is an attempt to communicate them. “I know you are upset that I forgot your birthday, and I want to fix it. Can we work on a solution together?”
Avoiding counter-aggression: Some people respond to passive-aggression with more passive-aggression. This only undermines communication and can initiate a vicious cycle of escalating aggression.
Countering with open communication: Addressing passive-aggressive behavior for what it is can sometimes be helpful. Try naming the specific behavior, then asking the person to do something different. “When you stop speaking to me when you are angry, it means I cannot resolve the conflict with you. Can we try talking through this instead?”
Setting relationship boundaries: When a person refuses to acknowledge their aggression, it can be helpful to draw boundaries about what sort of behavior a person will tolerate. For example, a person might say they will not wait longer than 10 minutes when a loved one is late or continue calling when a person gives them the silent treatment.
Calling a person’s bluff: This can be effective when a person pretends to be unable to do something they actually can. A spouse might ask their partner to sign up for cleaning lessons or watch YouTube videos on styling children’s hair.
Passive-aggressive behavior can be challenging to deal with. This is because it is less overt, unlike overt forms of aggression. Furthermore, even when a person knows someone is behaving passive-aggressively, finding a way to directly address the behavior without triggering a denial can be difficult.
Understanding why people behave passive-aggressively may help with defusing the behavior.
If an individual has a pattern of behaving passive-aggressively in most interactions, it may point to a serious problem with the relationship. It can also be a sign of mental health issues. People who behave passive-aggressively may find support in psychotherapy.
Sources: https://www. medicalnewstoday.com/articles/passive-aggressive-examples
Hopwood, C. J., et al. (2012). A comparison of passive aggressive and negativistic personality disorders. chttps://www. medicalnewstoday.com/articles/passive-aggressive-examples
Laverdière, O., et al. (2019). Interpersonal problems associated with passive-aggressive personality disorder [Abstract]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/31503178/
Passive-aggressive personality disorder. (n.d.). https://dictionary.apa. org/passive-aggressive-personality-disorder
